We can check the quality of the samples using Partek Genomics Suite before analyzing the data. 

Strand cross-correlation

In ChIP-Seq, genomic DNA is fragmented by restriction digest and target-protein-bound DNA fragments are purified by immunoprecipitation. These fragments are between 100 and 500 base pairs depending on the protocol; however, because ChIP-Seq uses short-read sequencing (25 to 35 base pair reads) to maximize sequencing depth, only the ends of each fragment will be sequenced. Consequently, in single-end sequencing reads on the forward and reverse strands for the same fragment will be from opposite ends of each fragment. At a protein-binding site, there will thus be two peaks, one from enrichment of forward strand reads and another from enrichment of reverse strand reads. The average distance between these peaks is termed the effective fragment length. Because the forward and reverse strand peaks are generated from a common set of fragments, the peaks should be roughly symmetrical. By phase shifting the data to the mid-point between the two peaks using the effective fragment length as a standard, a common read density plot can be created that shows single peaks at binding sites. 

Strand Cross-Correlation allows us to use the symmetrical distribution of forward and reverse strand fragments find the effective fragment length (Kharchenko et al., 2008). The Pearson correlation coefficient between the read densities of the forward and reverse strands after different effective fragment length phase shifts are applied is calculated. This is visualized with a range of possible effective fragment length phase shifts on the x-axis and the Pearson correlation coefficient between forward and reverse strand read densities when each phase shift is applied (Figure 1). High-quality ChIP-Seq data will give a strong peak on the Strand Cross-Correlation plot for the effective fragment length. For paired-end sequencing, Strand Cross-Correlation is calculated from the distribution of distances between the paired reads from the ends of each fragment. When calling peaks, the forward and reverse (or paired end) reads are each phase-shifted by the effective fragment length to create a combined read density profile. 

Let's perform Strand Cross-Correlation to identify the effective fragment length we will use when calling read enrichment peaks. 

• Select Strand Cross-Correlation from the QA/QC section of the ChIP-Seq workflow

If you have not run this step before, you will be asked if you would like to create a new QA/QC child spreadsheet. 

• If prompted, select Yes to create a new child spreadsheet for QA/QC

After running Strand Cross-Correlation, the Strand Separation of Samples viewer will open as a new tab (Figure 1). 

Figure 1. Strand Cross-Correlation profile plot showing possible effective fragment lengths on the x-axis and resulting Pearson correlation coefficients on the y-axis.

For the chip sample (blue), we can see the peak at 111 base pairs, corresponding to an effective fragment length of 111 base pairs. This number can be determined by examining the values in the strand_correlation spreadsheet (Figure 2), by moving the cursor over the peak in the graph, or by sorting the data in the spreadsheet. In lower quality ChIP-Seq data, we might also see a peak at the read length. The Strand Separation of Samples graph is also useful as a quality control measure. In lower quality samples, we would also observe a peak at the read length. The ratio between the Pearson correlation coefficient of the effective fragment length peak and the read length peak, normalized with the minimum correlation coefficient, [cc(fragment length) - min(cc)] / [cc(read length) - min(cc)] should be greater than 0.8 to meet the minimum quality standards recommended by the ENCODE project (Landt et al., Genome Research, 2012).

The mock sample (red) does not have an effective fragment length peak because it does not read density peaks to phase shift. It does have a small peak at the sequencing read length of 26 base pairs. 

 

Figure 2. The strand correlation spreadsheet shows the Pearson correlation coefficients for each relative strand shift value (effective fragment length)

Checking the distribution of reads

BAM files contain both aligned and unaligned reads. The spreadsheet created during import shows the number of reads that were aligned to the reference genome. A large number of unaligned reads may be the result of poor quality sequencing data or alignment problems. It may also be useful to know how many reads map to more than one location in the genome if the options used during alignment supported multiple-mapped reads. 

• Select Alignments per read form the QA/QC section of the ChIP-Seq workflow 

A new spreadsheet named Alignment_Counts will be generated (Figure 3). 

Figure 3. Unaligned reads have been removed from these BAM files and the alignment options did not permit mapping to more than one location

The titles of columns 2. 0 Single End Alignments Per Read and 3. 1 Single End Alignment Per Read indicate that this is single end data. Column 2 shows the number of unaligned reads, while column 3 shows the number of reads that aligned exactly once. If the BAM files had included reads that mapped to more than one location in the genome, there would be additional columns. 

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