Next, we will filter out certain cells and re-split the data. Re-splitting the data can be useful if you want to perform differential analysis and downstream analysis separately for proteins and genes. For your own analyses, re-splitting the data is optional. You could just as well continue with differential analysis with the merged data if you prefer. 

Filter Groups

Because we have classified our cells, we can now filter based on those classifications. This can be used to focus on a single cell type for re-clustering and sub-classification or to exclude cells that are not of interest for downstream analysis.

• Click the Merged counts data node
• Click Filtering 
• Click Filter cells
• Set to exclude Cell type is Doublets using the drop-down menus
• Click OR
• Set the second filter to exclude Cell type is N/A using the drop-down menus 
• Click Finish to apply the filter (Figure 1)

This produces a Filtered counts data node (Figure 2).

Re-split the Matrix

• Click the Filtered counts data node
• Click Pre-analysis tools
• Click Split by feature type

This will produce two data nodes, one for each data type (Figure 3). The split data nodes will both retain cell classification information.

Differential Analysis and Visualization - Protein Data

Once we have classified our cells, we can use this information to perform comparisons between cell types or between experimental groups for a cell type. In this project, we only have a single sample, so we will compare cell types.

• Click the Antibody Capture data node
• Click Statistics
• Click Differential analysis 
  
• Click ANOVA then click Next

The first step is to choose which attributes we want to consider in the statistical test. 

• Click Cell type 
• Click Add factor
• Click Next 

Next, we will set up the comparison we want to make. Here, we will compare the Activated and Mature B cells.

• Drag Activated B cells in the top panel
• Drag Mature B cells in the bottom panel 
• Click Add comparison

The comparison should appear in the table as Activated B cells vs. Mature B cells.

• Click Finish to run the statistical test (Figure 4)

The ANOVA task produces an ANOVA data node.

• Double-click the ANOVA data node to open the task report

The report lists each feature tested, giving p-value, false discovery rate adjusted p-value (FDR step up), and fold change values for each comparison (Figure 5).

In addition to the listed information, we can access dot and violin plots for each gene or protein from this table.

• Click  in the CD45RA_TotalSeqB row

This opens a dot plot in a new data viewer session, showing CD45A expression for cells in each of the classifications (Figure 6). First, we exclude Doublets and N/A cells from the plot:

• Open Select and filter, select Criteria
• Drag "Cell type" from the legend title to the Add criteria box
• Uncheck Doublets and N/A
• Click to include selected points

We can use the Configuration panel on the left to edit this plot.

• Open the Style icon
• Switch on Violins under Summary 
• Switch on Overlay under Summary
• Switch on Colored under Summary
• Select the Graph-based clustering node in the Color by section
• Color by Graph-based clusters under Color and use the slider to decrease the Opacity 
• Open the Axes icon
• Select the Graph-based clustering node in the X axis section
• Change the X axis data to Graph-based clusters 
• Use the slider to increase the Jitter on the X axis (Figure 7)

• Click the project name to return to the Analyses tab

To visualize all of the proteins at the same time, we can make a hierarchical clustering heat map.

• Click the ANOVA data node
• Click Exploratory analysis in the toolbox
• Click Hierarchical clustering/heatmap
• In the Cell order section, choose Graph-based clusters from the Assign order drop-down list
• Click Finish to run with the other default settings
• Double-click the Hierarchical clustering task node to open the heatmap

The heatmap can easily be customized using the tools on the left.

• Open the Axes icon
• Switch off Show Row labels
• Increase the Font to 16 (Figure 8)

• Activate the Transpose switch which will switch the Row and Column labels, so now the Row labels will be shown (Figure 9)

• Open the Dendrograms icon
• Choose Row color By cluster and change Row clusters to 4
• Change Row dendrogram size to 80 (Figure 10)

• In the Heatmap icon
• Navigate to Range under Color
• Set the Min and Max to -1.2 and 1.2, respectively
• Change the Shape to Circle (Figure 11)

• Switch the Shape back to Rectangle 
• Change the Color Palette by clicking on the color squares and selecting colors from the rainbow. Click outside of the selection box to exit this selection. The color options can be dragged alone the Palette to highlight value differences (Figure 12). 

Feel free to explore the other tool options on the left to customize the plot further.

Differential Analysis, Visualization, and Pathway analysis - Gene Expression Data

We can use a similar approach to analyze the gene expression data.

• Click the project name to return to the Analyses tab
• Click the Gene Expression data node
• Click the Antibody Capture data node
• Click Statistics
• Click Differential analysis 
  
• Click ANOVA then click Next
• Click Cell type 
• Click Add factor
• Click Next 
• Drag Activated B cells in the top panel
• Drag Mature B cells in the bottom panel 
• Click Add comparison

The comparison should appear in the table as Activated B cells vs. Mature B cells.

• Click Finish to run the statistical test

As before, this will generate an ANOVA task node and n ANOVA data node.

• Double-click the ANOVA task node to open the task report (Figure 13)

Because more than 20,000 genes have been analyzed, it is useful to use a volcano plot to get an idea about the overall changes.

• Click  in the top right corner of the table to open a volcano plot

The Volcano plot opens in a new data viewer session, in a new tab in the web browser. It shows each gene as a point with cutoff lines set for P-value (y-axis) and fold-change (x-axis). By default, the P-value cutoff is set to 0.05 and the fold-change cutoff is set at |2| (Figure 14).

The plot can be configured using various tools on the left. For example, the Style icon can be used to change the appearance of the points. The X and Y-axes can be changed in the Axes icon. The Statistics icon can be used to set different Fold-change and P-value thresholds for coloring up/down-regulated genes. The in plot controls can be used to transpose the volcano plot (Figure 14). 

• Click the ANOVA report tab in your web browser to return to the full report

We can filter the full set of genes to include only the significantly different genes using the filter panel on the left.

• Click FDR step up 
• Type 0.05 for the cutoff and press Enter on your keyboard
• Click Fold change 
• Set to From -2 to 2 and press Enter on your keyboard

The number at the top of the filter will update to show the number of included genes (Figure 15).

• Click  to create a new data node including only these significantly different genes

A task, Differential analysis filter, will run and generate a new Filtered Feature list data node. We can get a better idea about the biology underlying these gene expression changes using gene set or pathway enrichment. Note, you need to have the Pathway toolkit enabled to perform the next steps.

• Click the Filtered feature list data node
• Click Biological interpretation in the toolbox
• Click Pathway enrichment
• Make sure that Homo sapiens is selected in the Species drop-down menu
• Click Finish to run
• Double-click the Pathway enrichment task node to open the task report

The pathway enrichment results list KEGG pathways, giving an enrichment score and p-value for each (Figure 16).

To get a better idea about the changes in each enriched pathway, we can view an interactive KEGG pathway map.

• Click path:hsa05202 in the Transcriptional misregulation in cancer row

The KEGG pathway map shows up-regulated genes from the input list in red and down-regulated genes from the input list in green (Figure 17).